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Munsell Colour
The Universal Language

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Development of the Munsell Colour-Order System
Instructional materials from Munsell help make the complexities of colour understandable.

Munsell was an artist and art teacher .He developed the basic principles of the system and published them in a small book, A Colour Notation, in 1905. In 1915, he published The Munsell Atlas of Colour, displaying coloured specimens of a range of values and chromas for ten hues. He formed the Munsell Colour Company to produce colour standards in 1918, but died the same year. His son sponsored studies at the National Bureau of Standards and in the Munsell Colour Laboratory, which led to the improved colour scales in the l929 edition of The Munsell book of colour, which displayed 20 hues.

A subcommittee of the Optical Society of America studied the visual spacing of the scales and published recommended changes in 1943. Those recommendations are called the "Munsell renotation" The recommended spacing was specified by the system of colour measurement standardised by the International Commission on illumination (identified by the initials, CIE, of its name in French), using CIE illuminant C and CIE 1931 (2°) Standard Observer. The renotation provides a method of converting colour measurement data to Munsell notations and provides the specifications for producing Munsell colour standards. The Munsell renotation was standardised by the American Society for Testing and Materials in 1)1535 standard Test Method for Specifying Colour by the Munsell System.


Colours from the Munsell System are available in books and various size. They make it easy to communicate exact color selections to anyone anywhere.

About 1950, the number of hues in The Munsell Book of Colour was doubled, from 20 to 40 hues. In the early editions of the Munsell book of Colour, the chips had a matte surface. In 1958,a glossy version was introduced, to improve the reliability of comparisons of the standards to paints, plastics and other materials with glossy surfaces. Both matte and glossy versions are in widespread use today. The Nearly Neutrals Collection, introduced in 1990, provides a number of pale colours often used for cosmetics, interior design and computer hardware.

The Munsell colour-order system has gained international acceptance. It is described in unabridged dictionaries and encyclopaedias as well as in specialised publications on art, design, colour photography, television, printing, paint, textiles and plastics. It is recognised as a standard system of colour specification in standard Z138.2 of the American National Standards Institute; Japanese Industrial Standard for Colour, JIS Z 8721; the German Standard Colour System, DIN 6164; and several British national standards. in books and various size swatches. They make it The Munsell colour-order system has easy to communicate exact colour selections to anyone, anywhere. been widely used in many fields of colour science, most notably as a model of uniformity for calorimetric spaces and has, itself; been the subject of many scientific studies.


© Copyright 1998 Munsell® Color. All Rights Reserved.

®Registered Trademarks of Kollmorgan Instruments Corporation.

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Munsell